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The identification of key populations shaping the structure and connectivityof metapopulation systems is a major challenge in population ecology. The useof molecular markers in the theoretical framework of population genetics hasallowed great advances in this field, but the prime question of quantifying therole of each population in the system remains unresolved. Furthermore, the useand interpretation of classical methods are still bounded by the need for apriori information and underlying assumptions that are seldom respected innatural systems. Network theory was applied to map the genetic structure in ametapopulation system using microsatellite data from populations of athreatened seagrass, Posidonia oceanica, across its whole geographical range.The network approach, free from a priori assumptions and of usual underlyinghypothesis required for the interpretation of classical analysis, allows boththe straightforward characterization of hierarchical population structure andthe detection of populations acting as hubs critical for relaying gene flow orsustaining the metapopulation system. This development opens major perspectivesin ecology and evolution in general, particularly in areas such as conservationbiology and epidemiology, where targeting specific populations is crucial.

Network analysis identifies weak and strong links in a metapopulation system