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Unlike mammals, fish continue to grow throughout their lives, to increase the size of their eyes and brain, and to add new neurons to both. As a result of visual system growth, the ability to detect small objects increases with the age and size of the fish. In addition to the birth of new retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), existing cells increase the size of their dendritic arbors with retinal growth. We have used this system to learn design principles a vertebrate retina uses to construct its neural circuits, and find that the size of RGC arbors changes with retina and eye size according to a power law with an exponent close to 1/2. This power law is expected if the retina uses a strategy that, independent of eye size, simultaneously optimizes both the accuracy with which each RGC represents light intensity and the image spatial resolution provided to the fish's brain.

General design principle for scalable neural circuits in a vertebrate retina