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Research described in a recent issue of PNAS by Wismer Fries, Ziegler, Kurian, Jacoris, and Pollak (1) reveals significant group differences in two brain-derived neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, between family-versus orphanage-reared children. These intriguing results may stimulate a new chapter in the ongoing scientific dialogue concerning the neuro-biological effects of early experience. Fascination with the developmental effects of social deprivation is not new. Consider Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome who were purportedly nursed by a shewolf; or Kasper Hauser, a mysterious 19th century German boy, believed to have been isolated from human contact from early childhood. Modern interest in the impact of maternal separation or neglect on human behavior can be traced to two proteges of Sigmund Freud, Rene Spitz and John Bowlby (2, 3), who described children reared in orphanages or by inconsistent caregivers as at risk for emotional and social disorders. Behavioral studies, including research in nonhuman primates, have documented vulnerabilities in socially deprived infants (4–6). From birth onward, social interactions are essential for normal development. In all human cultures, including nonhuman animals, we find mechanisms for transmitting social experiences from one generation to the next. These experiences may in turn alter future behavior. Attempts to study the neuroendocrine consequences of early experience have tended to focus on changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (7 …

The chemistry of child neglect: Do oxytocin and vasopressin mediate the effects of early experience?