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The C-terminal domains of the two alpha-subunits (alphaCTD) in Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) recognize specific sequences called UP elements in some promoters. These interactions can increase transcription dramatically. Previously, effects of upstream DNA-alphaCTD interactions on transcription were quantified relative to control promoters with nonspecific DNA sequences substituted for UP elements. However, contributions of nonspecific upstream DNA-alphaCTD interactions to promoter activity have not been evaluated extensively. Here, we examine effects of removal of alphaCTD, upstream promoter DNA, or both on the rate of open-complex formation with promoters that lack UP elements. Deletion of alphaCTD decreased the composite second-order association rate constant, k(a), of RNAP for the lacUV5 promoter by approximately 10-fold. Much of this effect was attributable to a decrease in the isomerization rate constant, k(2). Removal of promoter DNA upstream of the -35 element also decreased both k(a) and k(2) approximately 10-fold. Upstream DNA extending approximately to base pair -100 was sufficient for maximal association rates of wild-type RNAP with lacUV5 promoter fragments. The alphaCTD and upstream DNA did not affect dissociation rates from the open complex. We suggest that sequence-independent upstream DNA interactions with alphaCTD are major contributors to initiation at many (or all) promoters (not merely promoters containing UP elements) and that these interactions facilitate isomerization events occurring well downstream of the alpha-binding sites. In addition to highlighting the functional importance of nonspecific protein-DNA interactions, these results suggest also that UP element-alphaCTD interactions play an even larger role in transcription initiation than appreciated previously.

Sequence-independent upstream DNA–αCTD interactions strongly stimulate Escherichia coli RNA polymerase- lacUV5 promoter association