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The scanning and flight behaviour of birds that forage in flocks may beinfluenced by several variables, including the size of the flock and thepresence of visual obstructions. Visual obstructions can conceal bothpotential predators and flock mates from a foraging bird, and individuals mayincrease their scanning rate accordingly, although concealing flock mates mayresult in more variable scanning rates as they come in and out of vision. Weexamined these ideas experimentally by observing house sparrows foraging at afeeder with and without visual obstructions. Birds foraging in the presence ofvisual obstructions had generally higher and more variable scanning rates.When the birds were approached by a human observer, they took flight earlierin larger flocks, although their reaction was generally delayed when therewere obstructions. These data indicate that visual obstructions increase theprobability of predation because individuals are less likely to detect apredator and/or the alarm flight of other individuals.

The influence of visual obstructions on the vigilance and escape behaviour of house sparrows, Passer domesticus