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VICTORIA’S terrestrial orchids are extremely varied in form and habitat, and comprise nearly one third of the orchid species found in Australia. These orchids are well adapted to a temperate but variable climate, growing each year from underground tubers, flowering during autumn, winter and spring, and surviving the harsh summer months in dormancy. Although some are capable of self-pollination, Victoria’s terrestrial orchids are mainly insect pollinated, attracting native bees with scents and bright colours, fungus flies with sour odours, and wasps with chemicals resembling pheromones. In many spider orchids (caladenia spp.) the relationship between the orchids and the pollinating thynnine wasps appears to be highly specific, with each orchid species attracting only one species of wasp (Bower 2007). Symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi are required for germination and growth of most Victorian terrestrial orchid species, the fungi assisting with the uptake of nutrients and the host orchid providing the fungi with carbon compounds. There appears to be a wide range of specificity and dependence, with some orchids requiring a specific mycorrhizal fungus, while others can host and utilise a wide range of fungi (Backhouse & Jeanes 1995). With such complex ecological interactions necessary for growth and reproduction, these orchids are extremely vulnerable to ecosystem disturbance (Hopper and Dixon 2009). It is no surprise then, that Victoria’s terrestrial orchids are in serious decline. At least 10 native orchid species have become extinct in Victoria since European settlement, and nearly half of the approximately 400 Victorian orchid species, of which 40% are endemic, are considered threatened (Jeanes & Backhouse 2006). In response to this significant decline, the Victorian Threatened Orchid Recovery Project was established in 1996. This represents a partnership between the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE), Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne (RBGM), the Australasian Native Orchid Society–Victorian Group (ANOS-Vic), Parks Victoria, Melbourne Zoo, University of Melbourne, Victoria University and RMIT University, and is assisted by a network of agencies, community groups and individuals from both within Victoria and interstate. The Threatened Orchid Recovery Project in the North Central region forms part of this state-wide project.

Orchids on the edge: threatened orchid recovery in the North Central region, 2003-2009