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0.035, respectively). In addition, at 4 weeks of age, the in vivo males became significantly lighter when compared to the naturally mated males (P = 0.034). At 8 weeks of age, the in vivo females had a significantly elevated systolic blood pressure when compared to the in vitro females (P = 0.003); however, at 21 weeks of age, both in vitro males and females had a significantly elevated blood pressure when compared to in vivo offspring ( P< 0.003). At 8, 15, and 21 weeks of age, offspring derived from transferred embryos developed with significantly elevated systolic blood pressure when compared to non-embryo transfer offspring ( P< 0.05). No significant differences in serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity (a potent regulator of systolic blood pressure) was observed between the treatment groups. Significantly altered liver:body weight ratios were observed between the in vitro and in vivo males, and between the in vitro and the naturally mated (6) females ( P< 0.038). All of the above data are independent of litter size. These data support the hypothesis that early embryo environment can influence postnatal growth and cardiovascular physiology. This research was funded by an MRC research grant to TPF, and by a DOHaD studentship. with 1 million frozen thawed sperm/mL in fertilization medium for 5 h. Supplementation of either glucose (2.5 or 5.5 mM) or fructose (5.5 mM) in the maturation medium significantly increased the percentages of maturation to metaphase II (68.5%, 79.4%, and 70.2%, respectively) and monospermic fertilization of oocytes (55.0%, 64.5%, and 58.9%, respectively), as compared with control group (metaphase II: 52.8%; monospermic: 42.7%; P< 0.05). Supplementation of galactose had no effect on the meiotic maturation and monospermic fertilization of oocytes. In the second experiment, presumptive zygotes were cultured in modified NCSU-37 supplemented with 4 mg/mL BSA, 0.17 mM sodium pyruvate, 2.73 mM sodium lactate, and 50 µg/mL gentamycin. The cleaved embryos were collected at Day 3 after in vitro fertilization and then cultured for a further 4 days in modified NCSU-37 medium supplemented with 5.5 mM of glucose, fructose, or galactose. The percentages of blastocyst formation, calculated from cleaved embryos, were significantly higher in the glucose and fructose groups (20.4% and 18.4%, respectively) than in the galactose group (12.9%) and the non-supplemented control group (9.2%). Although fructose supplementation did not accelerate blastocyst formation, it did significantly increase the mean cell number of blastocysts (48.0 ± 2.9 vs. 38.6 ± 1.8) and reduced the index of DNA-fragmented nuclei in the blastocysts stained by the TUNEL method (7.6 ± 0.9 vs. 11.8 ± 0.9), as compared with glucose supplementation. In the present study, although all hexoses were used through the glycolysis pathway, supplementation of galactose in the maturation and embryo culture medium had no beneficial effect on development. In contrast, both glucose and fructose enhanced development with an optimal concentration of 5.5 mM. Replacement of glucose with fructose did not accelerate blastocyst formation but did enhance embryo quality in terms of increasing cell number and decreasing the number of fragmented nuclei. Embryo Manipulation

151 EFFECTS OF HEXOSES SUPPLEMENTED IN THE MATURATION AND PRE IMPLANTATION MEDIUM ON THE IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF PORCINE OOCYTES