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Cloning has a number of potential applications in human medicine and animalbreeding, but the efficiency of production of developmentally competentembryos and healthy animal offspring needs to be improved. The primarydeficiency appears to be incomplete or abnormal nuclear reprogramming afternuclear transfer, and it is hypothesized that epigenetic regulators oftranscription cannot always be converted to the embryonic pattern and thisleads to implantation failure, gestational abnormalities and poor health ofoffspring. Research needs to be focused on this aspect of development fornuclear transfer embryos. However, there is a gradual demand for commercialapplication for cloning in animal production, transgenesis and animalbiopharmaceuticals, particularly in milk. These applications will expand inthe near future. There is little application of nuclear transfer in humanmedicine at present, but important applications may be demonstrated forprevention of the inheritance of mitochondrial mutations, prevention ofage-related aneuploidis in women, artificial gametes for sterile individualsor couples and for therapeutic cloning to enable cell and gene therapies.

Introduction to the 'Serono Symposium on Embryos, Embryonic Stem Cells and Transplantation'