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The decline and local extinction of many woodland birds across southern Australia is continuing and seems likely to continue fora long time even though broad-scale clearing has ceased in many regions. The small proportion of remaining vegetation and itsfragmented and degraded nature will probably mean that a long-term extinction debt will have to be paid. For some species this willbe through the process of successive extinctions of sub-populations and lack of recolonization due to poor dispersal ability, leadingto ultimate extinction of the metapopulation. However, many bird species in Australia travel locally and regionally to exploit resourcesthat vary in time and space (rich-patch nomads), and appear to be quite capable of dispersing in fragmented landscapes. Many ofthese too are declining and we need to understand the processes involved in their decline. Making the matrix more hospitable mayreverse the declines of the poor dispersers. However, a different approach may be needed to assist the rich-patch nomads, such asre-establishing key resources. This will involve a better understanding of their natural history.

Twinkling lights or turning down the dimmer switch? Are there two patterns of extinction debt in fragmented landscapes?