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While population parameters such as the intrinsic rate of increase can be useful for intraor inter-specific comparisons, interpretation of these quantities must be undertaken with caution. Use of demographic models—as typically done in chondrichthyan studies—implies tacitly making many assumptions, most notably, time invariance and density independence. This largely stems from treating the population in relative (in a horizontal life table or a transition matrix) rather than absolute (where a renewable, age-specific vector of abundance is also available) terms. While this crucial shortcoming is generally unavoidable owing to sampling limitations, ignoring the implicit assumptions is not (Cortés 2004). Conclusions derived from this approach can be misleading, especially when fishing mortality (F) is added to natural mortality (M) to determine what level of F will result in the population being stationary (r = 0), but no density-dependent compensation is incorporated into the model.

Chondrichthyan demographic modelling: an essay on its use, abuse and future