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Evaluating the hypothesis of New Zealand's total submersion during the Oligocene requires the strictest tests, including sound phylogenetic data and dating of phylogenies. Although New Zealand has been traditionally considered to hostancientbiotathatoriginatedbyvicarianceafteritseparatedfromAustralia~80Mya,theancientoriginsofitsbiotahave beenrecentlyquestioned,withsomeauthorsevensuggestingthatallcurrentlandorganismshadtoarrivetotheislandsafterit re-emerged from the ocean 22million years ago. Here we examine examples of short-range endemic soil-dwelling invertebrates and find compelling evidence that at least some of them are the result of old lineages that diversified in New Zealand before the hypothesised submersion event 22million year ago. We conclude that New Zealand indeed has old lineages as well as recently diversified lineages and compare this situation with that of other more stable areas of the Neotropics.

'Moa's Ark' or 'Goodbye Gondwana': is the origin of New Zealand's terrestrial invertebrate fauna ancient, recent or both?