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Environmental context Atmospheric waters (clouds, fogs and wet aerosols) are media in which gases can be converted into particulate matter. This work explores aqueous transformations of glyoxal, a water-soluble gas with anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Results provide new evidence in support of previously proposed chemical mechanisms. These mechanisms are beginning to be incorporated into transport models that link emissions to air pollution concentrations and behaviour. Abstract Glyoxal (GLY) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and an important aqueous secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursor. At dilute (cloud-relevant) organic concentrations, OH• radical oxidation of GLY has been shown to produce oxalate. GLY has also been used as a surrogate species to gain insight into radical and non-radical reactions in wet aerosols, where organic and inorganic concentrations are very high (in the molar region). The work herein demonstrates, for the first time, that tartarate forms from GLY+OH•. Tartarate is a key product in a previously proposed organic radical–radical reaction mechanism for oligomer formation from GLY oxidation. Previously published model predictions that include this GLY oxidation pathway suggest that oligomers are major products of OH• radical oxidation at the high organic concentrations found in wet aerosols. The tartarate measurements herein provide support for this proposed oligomer formation mechanism. This paper also demonstrates, for the first time, that dilute (cloud or fog-relevant) concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (i.e. ammonium and nitrate) have little effect on the GLY+OH• chemistry leading to oxalate formation in clouds. This, and results from previous experiments conducted with acidic sulfate, increase confidence that the currently understood dilute GLY+OH• chemistry can be used to predict GLY SOA formation in clouds and fogs. It should be recognised that organic–inorganic interactions can play an important role in droplet evaporation chemistry and in wet aerosols. The chemistry leading to SOA formation in these environments is complex and remains poorly understood.

Glyoxal secondary organic aerosol chemistry: effects of dilute nitrate and ammonium and support for organic radical–radical oligomer formation