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Vision and football Association football (soccer) is a major global business involving huge sums of money, much of it from television. But watching football is a complex, dynamic visual task: who is moving where?öwho is offside?öwhere are the defenders?öhow many attackers in the box? Hence, if there are visual factors that enhance or hinder perception by viewers and by players, then these factors could be important to the success of the sport and the business of football. Our repeated armchair experience has been that some combinations of kit colours promote good `reading' of the game, perhaps by enabling rapid visual search and visual segregation of one team from the other. Other kit combinations seem to make matches confusing and almost unwatchable by preventing easy search and grouping of players. Figure 1a suggests that, if the two teams wear different but uniform colours (eg all-red vs all-white; Liverpool vs Real Madrid), then the segregation and `readability' of the pattern of play is very good; while figure 1b suggests that, if the two teams wear similar colours, albeit in opposite combinations (eg red ^white vs white ^ red; Manchester United vs Southampton), then the readability may be very poor. [See supplementary figure S1 for a real example from the 2003 ^ 2004 season.]

Kits, Colours, and Confusion: A Pilot Study of Vision and Football