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Chemically driven fluids can demix to form condensed droplets that exhibitphase behaviors not observed at equilibrium. In particular, nonequilibriuminterfacial properties can emerge when the chemical reactions are drivendifferentially between the interior and exterior of the phase-separateddroplets. Here, we use a minimal model to study changes in the interfacialtension between coexisting phases away from equilibrium. Simulations of bothdroplet nucleation and interface roughness indicate that the nonequilibriuminterfacial tension can either be increased or decreased relative to itsequilibrium value, depending on whether the driven chemical reactions areaccelerated or decelerated within the droplets. Finally, we show that theseobservations can be understood using a predictive theory based on an effectivethermodynamic equilibrium.

Nonequilibrium interfacial properties of chemically driven fluids