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Despite the enormous theoretical and application interests, a fundamentalunderstanding of the glassy dynamics remains elusive. The static properties ofglassy and ordinary liquids are similar, but their dynamics are dramaticallydifferent. What leads to this difference is the central puzzle of the field.Even the primary defining glassy characteristics, their implications, and ifthey are related to a single mechanism remain unclear. This lack of clarity isa severe hindrance to theoretical progress. Here, we combine analyticalarguments and simulations of various systems in different dimensions andaddress these questions. Our results suggest that the myriad of glassy featuresare manifestations of two distinct mechanisms. Particle caging controls themean, and coexisting slow- and fast-moving regions govern the distribution ofparticle displacements. All the other glassy characteristics are manifestationsof these two mechanisms; thus, the Fickian yet non-Gaussian nature of glassyliquids is not surprising. Our results have crucial implications on how theglassy dynamics data are analyzed, challenge some recent suggestions on themechanisms governing gassy dynamics, and impose strict constraints that acorrect theory of glasses must have.

Different glassy characteristics are related to either caging or dynamical heterogeneity