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The control of a superconducting current via the application of a gatevoltage has been recently demonstrated in a variety of superconducting devices.Although the mechanism underlying this gate-controlled supercurrent (GCS)effect remains under debate, the GCS effect has raised great interest for thedevelopment of the superconducting equivalent of conventional metaloxidesemiconductor electronics. To date, however, the GCS effect has been mostlyobserved in superconducting devices made by additive patterning. Here, we showthat devices made by subtractive patterning show a systematic absence of theGCS effect. Doing a microstructural analysis of these devices and comparingthem to devices made by additive patterning, where we observe a GCS, weidentify some material and physical parameters that are crucial for theobservation of a GCS. We also show that some of the mechanisms proposed toexplain the origin of the GCS effect are not universally relevant.

Effects of fabrication routes and material parameters on the control of superconducting currents by gate voltage