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The effect of toroidal rotation on both turbulent and neoclassical transportof tungsten (W) in tokamaks is investigated using the flux-driven, global,nonlinear 5D gyrokinetic code GYSELA. Nonlinear simulations are carried outwith different levels of momentum injection that drive W to the supersonicregime, while the toroidal velocity of the main ions remains in the subsonicregime. The numerical simulations demonstrate that toroidal rotation inducescentrifugal forces that cause W to accumulate in the outboard region,generating an in-out poloidal asymmetry. This asymmetry enhances neoclassicalinward convection, which can lead to central accumulation of W in cases ofstrong plasma rotation. The core accumulation of W is mainly driven by inwardneoclassical convection. However, as momentum injection continues,roto-diffusion, proportional to the radial gradient of the toroidal velocity,becomes significant and generate outward turbulent flux in the case of iontemperature gradient (ITG) turbulence. Overall, the numerical results fromnonlinear GYSELA simulations are in qualitative agreement with the theoreticalpredictions for impurity transport, as well as experimental observations.

Self-consistent gyrokinetic modelling of turbulent and neoclassical tungsten transport in toroidally rotating plasmas