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Two-dimensional (2D) perovskite oxide interfaces are ideal systems wherediverse emergent properties can be uncovered.The formation and modification ofpolaronic properties due to short-range strong charge-lattice interactions of2D interfaces remains hugely intriguing.Here, we report the direct observationof small-polarons at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) conducting interface usinghigh-resolution spectroscopic ellipsometry.First-principles investigationsfurther reveals that strong coupling between the interfacial electrons and theTi-lattice result in the formation of localized 2D small polarons.Thesefindings resolve the longstanding issue where the excess experimentallymeasured interfacial carrier density is significantly lower than theoreticallypredicted values.The charge-phonon induced lattice distortion further providesan analogue to the superconductive states in magic-angle twisted bilayergraphene attributed to the many-body correlations induced by broken periodiclattice symmetry.Our study sheds light on the multifaceted complexity of brokenperiodic lattice induced quasi-particle effects and its relationship withsuperconductivity.

Direct observation of two-dimensional small polarons at correlated oxide interface