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Directional and self-propelled flow in open channels has a variety ofapplications, including microfluidic and medical devices, industrial filtrationprocesses, fog-harvesting and condensing apparatuses. Here, we presentversatile three-dimensional (3D)-printed liquid diodes that enable spontaneousunidirectional flow over long distances for a wide range of liquid contactangles. Typically, we can achieve average flow velocities of severalmillimeters per second over a distance of tens to hundreds of millimeters. Thediodes have two key design principles. First, a sudden widening in thechannels' width, in combination with a small bump, the pitch, ensure pinning ofthe liquid in the backward direction. Second, an adjustable reservoir, thebulga, is introduced to manipulate the liquid velocity with differing expansionangles. Using a combination of experiments and lattice Boltzmann simulations,we provide a comprehensive analysis of the flow behavior and speed within thechannels with varying contact angles (CA), pitch heights and bulga angles. Thisprovides guidelines for the fabrication of bespoke liquid diodes with optimaldesign for their potential applications. As a feasibility investigation, wetest our design for condensation of water from fog and subsequent transportuphill.

Three-Dimensional Printed Liquid Diodes with Tunable Velocity: Design Guidelines and Applications for Liquid Collection and Transport