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An electrohydrodynamic numerical model is used to explore the electrosprayemission behavior of both moderate and high electrical conductivity liquidsunder electrospray conditions. The Volume-of-Fluid method, incorporating aleaky-dielectric model with a charge relaxation consideration, is used toconserve charge to accurately model cone-jet formation and droplet breakup. Themodel is validated against experiments and agrees well with both dropletdiameters and charge-to-mass ratio of emitted progeny droplets. The modelexamines operating conditions such as flow rate and voltage, with fluidproperties also considered, such as surface tension, electrical conductivity,and viscosity for both moderate and high conductivity. For high conductivityand surface tension, the results show that high charge concentration along withthe meniscus and convex cone shape results in a higher charge-to-mass ratio ofthe emitted droplets while lower conductivity and surface tension tend towardsconcave cone shapes and lower charge-to-mass droplets. Recirculation flowsinside the bulk liquid are investigated across a range of non-dimensional flowrates, and electric Reynolds numbers. For high conductivity liquid emission atthe minimum stable flow rate, additional recirculation cells develop near thecone tip suggesting the onset of the axisymmetric instability.

Simulation of Electrospray Emission Processes for Highly Conductive Liquids