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Atmospheric aerosols can consist of inorganic and organic substances,including surfactants at a significant concentration. Importantly, the lattercan reduce the surface tension at the liquid-vapor surfaces, where theypreferentially adsorb due to their amphiphilic structure. As a result,processes such as droplet coalescence, development of precipitation andultimately cloud lifetime, may depend on the presence of surfactants in theaerosols. Here, we present a numerical model for cloud droplet formation, whichis based on the Lagrangian particle-based microphysics-scheme super-dropletmethod and takes into account the presence of surfactant in the droplets. Ourresults show that surfactant facilitates cloud formation by increasing thenumber and size of activated droplets, which concentrate at the bottom of thecloud, while the largest droplets are concentrated at the top of the cloud.This indicates a circulation of droplets that involves activation and growthprocesses from the bottom of the cloud towards the top. Moreover, ourconclusions are independent of the particular approach used for modeling thediffusion of Eulerian variables due to the subgrid-scale turbulence. Weanticipate that our results will enrich our understanding of the role ofsurfactants in the behavior of atmospheric aerosols and, importantly, will pavethe way for further developments in the numerical modeling of systems withsurfactants at macroscopic scales.

A Lagrangian Particle-Based Numerical Model for Surfactant-Laden Droplets at Macroscales