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We present a unique experimental design that enables the measurement ofphotoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) from chiral molecules in aqueoussolution. The effect is revealed from the intensity difference of photoelectronemission into a backward-scattering angle relative to the photon propagationdirection when ionizing with circularly polarized light of different helicity.This leads to asymmetries (normalized intensity differences) that depend on thehandedness of the chiral sample and exceed the ones in conventional dichroicmechanisms by orders of magnitude. The asymmetry is largest for photon energieswithin several electron volts above the ionization threshold. A primary aim isto explore the effect of hydration on PECD. The modular and flexible design ofour experimental setup EASI (Electronic structure from Aqueous Solutions andInterfaces) also allows for detection of more common photoelectron angulardistributions (PADs), requiring distinctively different detection geometries,and typically using linearly polarized light. A microjet is used forliquid-sample delivery. We describe EASI's technical features and present twoselected experimental results, one based on synchrotron-light measurements andthe other performed in the laboratory, using monochromatized He-II $\alpha$radiation. The former demonstrates the principal effectiveness of PECDdetection, illustrated for prototypic gas-phase fenchone. We also discuss thefirst data from liquid fenchone. In the second example we present valencephotoelectron spectra from liquid water and NaI aqueous solution, here obtainedfrom a planar-surface microjet (flatjet). This new development features a morefavorable symmetry for angle-dependent photoelectron measurements.

A setup for studies of photoelectron circular dichroism from chiral molecules in aqueous solution