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We visualize plasma bubbles driven by 0.67 PW laser pulses in plasma ofdensity $n_e \approx 5\times10^{17}$ ${\rm cm}^{-3}$ by imaging Faradayrotation patterns imprinted on linearly-polarized probe pulses of wavelength$\lambda_{pr} = 1.05 \mu$m and duration $\tau_{pr} = 2$ ps or $1$ ps that crossthe bubble's path at right angles. When the bubble captures and acceleratestens to hundreds of pC of electron charge, we observe two parallel streaks oflength $c\tau_{pr}$ straddling the drive pulse propagation axis, separated by$\sim45$ $\mu$m, in which probe polarization rotates by $0.3^\circ$ to morethan $5^\circ$ in opposite directions. Accompanying simulations show that theyresult from Faraday rotation within portions of dense bubble side walls thatare pervaded by the azimuthal magnetic field of accelerating electrons duringthe probe transit across the bubble. Analysis of the width of the streaks showsthat quasi-monoenergetic high-energy electrons and trailing lower energyelectrons inside the bubble contribute distinguishable portions of the observedsignals, and that relativistic flow of sheath electrons suppresses Faradayrotation from the rear of the bubble. The results demonstrate favorable scalingof Faraday rotation diagnostics to $40\times$ lower plasma density thanpreviously demonstrated.

Faraday rotation study of plasma bubbles in GeV wakefield accelerators