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High Q-factors are of utmost importance to minimize losses of superconductingradio-frequency cavities deployed in continuous wave particle accelerators.This study elucidates the surface treatment that can maximize the Q-factors inhigh-beta 650 MHz elliptical niobium cavities. State-of-the-art surfacetreatments are applied in many single-cell cavities, and surface resistancestudies are performed to understand the microwave dissipation at thisunexplored frequency. The nitrogen doping treatment is confirmed to benecessary to maximize the Q-factors at medium RF fields. We applied thistreatment in five-cell high-beta 650 MHz cavities and demonstrated thatextremely high Q-factors were obtained at medium RF fields with this treatment.We also demonstrated that adding a cold electropolishing step after N-doping iscrucial to push the quench field of multicell cavities to higher gradients.

Q-factor optimization for high-beta 650 MHz cavities for PIP-II