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Saliva is primarily composed of water, but additionally includes a variety oforganic and inorganic substances such as salt, proteins, peptides, mucins,virions, etc. The presence of such solutes affects the evaporation time ofrespiratory droplets that are sedimenting in air, and thereby the airbornetransmission of infections. From solutions of the coupled heat-conduction andwater-diffusion equations within the droplet and in the ambient vapor phase, wefind that the solute-induced water vapor-pressure reduction considerably slowsdown the evaporation process and dominates the solute-concentration dependenceof the droplet evaporation time. The evaporation-induced solute-concentrationgradient near the droplet surface, which is accounted for using a two-stageevaporation model, is found to further intensify the slowing down of the dryingprocess. On the other hand, the presence of solutes is found to reduceevaporation cooling of the droplet, which causes a slight decrease in theevaporation time. Overall, the first two effects are dominant, meaning that thedroplet evaporation time increases in the presence of solutes. Thesolute-concentration dependence of the water diffusivity inside the dropletdoes not significantly change the evaporation time. Finally, crust formation onthe droplet surface is found to increase the final equilibrium size of thedroplet.

Water evaporation from solute-containing aerosol droplets: effects of internal concentration and diffusivity profiles and onset of crust formation