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We present simulations which predict significantly higher laser to X-rayefficiencies than those previously found in high intensity (1e20-1e22 W/cm2)laser-solid simulations. The bremsstrahlung emission is shown to last for10-100 ps, which is difficult to model with conventional particle-in-cell (PIC)codes. The importance of collective effects is also demonstrated, showing thelimitations of Monte Carlo modelling in these systems. A new, open-sourcehybrid-PIC code with bremsstrahlung routines has been developed to model thisX-ray production in 3D. Special boundary conditions are used to emulate complexelectron refluxing behaviour, which has been characterised in 2D full-PICsimulations. The peak X-ray efficiency was recorded in thick gold targets, with7.4% conversion of laser energy into X-rays of energy 1 MeV or higher. Thetarget size is shown to play a role in the conversion efficiency and angulardistribution of emitted X-rays, and a simple analytic model is presented forestimating these efficiencies.

Highly efficient conversion of laser energy to hard X-rays in high intensity laser-solid simulations