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We report results from a study on electrical breakdown in liquid helium usingnear-uniform-field stainless steel electrodes with a stressed area of$\sim$0.725 cm$^2$. The distribution of the breakdown field is obtained fortemperatures between 1.7 K and 4.0 K, pressures between the saturated vaporpressure and 626 Torr, and with electrodes of different surface polishes. Adata-based approach for determining the electrode-surface-area scaling of thebreakdown field is presented. The dependence of the breakdown probability onthe field strength as extracted from the breakdown field distribution data isused to show that breakdown is a surface phenomenon closely correlated withFowler-Nordheim field emission from asperities on the cathode. We show that theresults from this analysis provides an explanation for the supposed electrodegap-size effect and also allows for a determination of the breakdown-fielddistribution for arbitrary shaped electrodes. Most importantly, the analysismethod presented in this work can be extended to other noble liquids to explorethe dependencies for electrical breakdown in those media.

A study of DC electrical breakdown in liquid helium through analysis of the empirical breakdown field distributions