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Airborne respiratory diseases such as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pose significantchallenges for public transportation. Several recent outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2indicate the high risk of transmission among passengers on public buses ifspecial precautions are not taken. This study presents a combined experimentaland numerical analysis to identify transmission mechanisms on an urban bus andassess strategies to reduce risk. The effects of the ventilation andair-conditioning systems, opening windows and doors, and wearing masks areanalyzed. Specific attention is made to the transport of sub-micron andmicron-size particles relevant to typical respiratory droplets. High-resolutioninstrumentation was used to measure size distribution and aerosol response timeon a University of Michigan campus bus under these different conditions.Computational fluid dynamics was employed to measure the airflow within the busand evaluate risk. A risk metric was adopted based on the number of particlesexposed to susceptible passengers. The flow that carries these aerosols ispredominantly controlled by the ventilation system, which acts to uniformlydistribute the aerosol concentration throughout the bus while simultaneouslydiluting it with fresh air. The opening of doors and windows was found toreduce the concentration by approximately one half, albeit its benefit does notuniformly impact all passengers on the bus due to recirculation of airflowcaused by entrainment through windows. Finally, it was found that well fittedsurgical masks, when worn by both infected and susceptible passengers, cannearly eliminate the transmission of the disease.

Disease transmission through expiratory aerosols on an urban bus