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The propagation of failures and blackouts in electric networks is a complexproblem. Typical models, such as the ORNL-PSerc-Alaska (OPA), are based on acombination of fast and a slow dynamics. The first describes the cascadingfailures while the second the grid evolution though line and generationupgrades as well as demand growth, all taking place in time scales from days toyears. The growing integration of renewable energy sources, whose powerfluctuates in time scales from seconds to hours, together with the increase indemand, which also present fast fluctuations, require the incorporation ofdistributed methods of control in the demand side to avoid the high cost ofordinary control in conventional power plants. In this work, we extend the OPAmodel to include fluctuations in the demand at time scales of the order ofminutes, intraday demand variations and the effect of demand control. We findthat demand control effectively reduces the number of blackouts withoutincreasing the probability of large-scale events.

Effects of demand control on the complex dynamics of electric power system blackouts