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One of the paradigm-shifting phenomena triggered in laser-plasma interactionsat relativistic intensities is the so-called relativistic transparency. As theelectrons become heated by the laser to relativistic energies, the plasmabecomes transparent to the laser light even though the plasma density issufficiently high to reflect the laser pulse in the non-relativistic case. Thispaper highlights the impact that relativistic transparency can have onlaser-matter interactions by focusing on a collective phenomenon that isassociated with the onset of relativistic transparency: plasma birefringence inthermally anisotropic relativistic plasmas. The optical properties of such asystem become dependent on the polarization of light, and this can serve as thebasis for plasma-based optical devices or novel diagnostic capabilities.

Birefringence in thermally anisotropic relativistic plasmas and its impact on laser-plasma interactions