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It is known that individual opinions on different policy issues often alignto a dominant ideological dimension (e.g. "left" vs. "right") and becomeincreasingly polarized. We provide an agent-based model that reproduces thesetwo stylized facts as emergent properties of an opinion dynamics in amulti-dimensional space of continuous opinions. The mechanisms for the changeof agents' opinions in this multi-dimensional space are derived from cognitivedissonance theory and structural balance theory. We test assumptions fromproximity voting and from directional voting regarding their ability toreproduce the expected emerging properties. We further study how the emotionalinvolvement of agents, i.e. their individual resistance to change opinions,impacts the dynamics. We identify two regimes for the global and the individualalignment of opinions. If the affective involvement is high and shows a largevariance across agents, this fosters the emergence of a dominant ideologicaldimension. Agents align their opinions along this dimension in oppositedirections, i.e. create a state of polarization.

An agent-based model of multi-dimensional opinion dynamics and opinion alignment