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A minority relativistic electron component can arise in both laboratory andnaturally-occurring plasmas. In the presence of high-atomic-number ion species,the ion charge state distribution at low bulk electron temperature can bedominated by relativistic electrons, even though their density is orders ofmagnitude lower. This is due to the relativistic enhancement of the collisionalexcitation and ionization cross sections. The resulting charge state effect candramatically impact the radiative power loss rate and the related Bethestopping power of relativistic electrons in a dilute plasma.

Impact of a minority relativistic electron tail interacting with a thermal plasma containing high-atomic-number impurities