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Alternative n-type buffer layer such as In 2 S 3 has been proposed as a Cd-free alternative in kesterite Cu 2 ZnSn ( S , Se ) 4 (CZTSSe) solar cells. In this study, optical and electronic characterization techniques together with device analysis and simulation were used to assess nanoparticle-based CZTSSe absorbers and solar cells with CdS and In 2 S 3 buffers. Photoluminescence spectroscopy indicated that CZTSSe absorbers with In 2 S 3 buffer had a lower density of detrimental non-radiative defects and a higher concentration of copper vacancies V Cu +, responsible for p-type conductivity in CZTSSe, in comparison to the absorber with CdS buffer. Capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements revealed that the In 2 S 3 buffer-based CZTSSe devices had a three times higher apparent doping density and a consequently narrower space charge region than devices with a CdS layer. This resulted in poorer collection of photo-generated charge carriers in the near-IR region despite a more favorable band alignment as determined by x-ray photoelectron and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of interfacial defect states in In 2 S 3 devices as determined by C–V and biased quantum efficiency measurements is also responsible for the loss in open-circuit voltage compared with reference devices with CdS.

Defect limitations in Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 solar cells utilizing an In2S3 buffer layer