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Transport of solid particles in blood flow exhibits qualitative differencesin the transport mechanism when the particle varies from nanoscale tomicroscale size comparable to the red blood cell (RBC). The effect ofmicroscale particle margination has been investigated by several groups. Also,the transport of nanoscale particles (NPs) in blood has received considerableattention in the past. This study attempts to bridge the gap by quantitativelyshowing how the transport mechanism varies with particle size from nano- tomicroscale. Using a three-dimensional (3D) multiscale method, the dispersion ofparticles in microscale tubular flows is investigated for various hematocrits,vessel diameters and particle sizes. NPs exhibit a nonuniform,smoothly-dispersed distribution across the tube radius due to severe Brownianmotion. The near-wall concentration of NPs can be moderately enhanced byincreasing hematocrit and confinement. Moreover, there exists a criticalparticle size ($\sim$1 $\mu$m) that leads to excessive retention of particlesin the cell-free region near the wall, i.e., margination. Above this threshold,the margination propensity increases with the particle size. The dominance ofRBC-enhanced shear-induced diffusivity (RESID) over Brownian diffusivity (BD)results in 10 times higher radial diffusion rates in the RBC-laden regioncompared to that in the cell-free layer, correlated with the high marginationpropensity of microscale particles. This work captures the particlesize-dependent transition from Brownian-motion dominant dispersion tomargination using a unified 3D multiscale computational approach, andhighlights the linkage between the radial distribution of RESID and themargination of particles in confined blood flows.

A unified analysis of nano-to-microscale particle dispersion in tubular blood flow