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Sensing electric fields with high sensitivity, high spatial resolution and atradio frequencies can be challenging to realize. Recently, point defects insilicon carbide have shown their ability to measure local electric fields byoptical charge conversion of their charge state. Here we report the combinationof heterodyne detection with charge-based electric field sensing, solving manyof the previous limitations of this technique. Owing to the non-linear responseof the charge conversion to electric fields, the application of a separate"pump" electric field results in a detection sensitivity as low as 1.1(V/cm)/$\sqrt{Hz}$, with near-diffraction limited spatial resolution andtunable control of the sensor dynamic range. In addition, we show bothincoherent and coherent heterodyne detection, allowing measurements of eitherunknown random fields or synchronized fields with higher sensitivities.Finally, we demonstrate in-plane vector measurements of the electric field bycombining orthogonal pump electric fields. Overall, this work establishescharge-based measurements as highly relevant for solid-state defect sensing.

Heterodyne detection of radio-frequency electric fields using point defects in silicon carbide