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In future power systems, electrical storage will be the key technology forbalancing feed-in fluctuations. With increasing share of renewables andreduction of system inertia, the focus of research expands towards short-termgrid dynamics and collective phenomena. Against this backdrop, Kuramoto-likepower grids have been established as a sound mathematical modeling frameworkbridging between the simplified models from nonlinear dynamics and the moredetailed models used in electrical engineering. However, they have a blind spotconcerning grid components, which cannot be modeled by oscillator equations,and hence do not allow to investigate storage-related issues from scratch. Weremove this shortcoming by bringing together Kuramoto-like and algebraicload-flow equations. This is a substantial extension of the current Kuramotoframework with arbitrary grid components. Based on this concept, we provide asolid starting point for the integration of flexible storage units enabling toaddress current problems like smart storage control, optimal siting and roughcost estimations. For demonstration purpose, we here consider a wind powerapplication with realistic feed-in conditions. We show how to implement basiccontrol strategies from electrical engineering, give insights into theirpotential with respect to frequency quality improvement and point out theirlimitations by maximum capacity and finite-time response.

Bridging between Load-Flow and Kuramoto-like Power Grid Models: A Flexible Approach to Integrating Electrical Storage Units