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Double-stranded DNA translocates through sufficiently large nanopores eitherin a linear, single-file fashion or in a folded hairpin conformation whencaptured somewhere along its length. We show that the folding state of DNA canbe controlled by changing the electrolyte concentration, pH and PEG content ofthe measurement buffer. At 1 M LiCl or 0.35 M KCl in neutral pH, single-filetranslocations make up more than 90% of the total. We attribute the effect tothe onset of electroosmotic flow from the pore at low ionic strength. Ourhypothesis on the critical role of flows is supported by the preferredorientation of entry of a strand that has been folded into a multi-helixstructure at one end. Control over DNA folding is critical for nanopore sensingapproaches that use modifications along a DNA strand and the associatedsecondary current drops to encode information.

Promoting single-file DNA translocations through nanopores using electroosmotic flow