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Deep and fast electro-optic modulation is critical for high-speed nearinfrared signal processing. We combine the electro-absorption tunability ofgraphene with the high-Q resonance of a Bragg-based Fabry-Perot resonator at{\lambda}=1550 nm and show that ~100% free-space signal modulation (>50 dBextinction ratio, <1 dB insertion loss) at high speed (>1 GHz) can always beachieved independently of graphene quality (mobility), provided the device isoperating in reflection mode and tuned in critical coupling with graphene.Remarkably, the critical coupling mechanism produces a higher extinction ratiofor lower graphene mobility. We use practical considerations to optimize thedevice architecture and operation as a function of graphene mobility. With asmall modification this scheme can be turned into a very sensitiveacousto-absorption modulator with a ~30 dB/{\AA} extinction ratio, or an indexsensor with 10^7 %/RIU sensitivity. These designs can be easily extendedthroughout the midIR spectrum by appropriate scaling of layer thicknesses.

Deep and fast free-space electro-absorption modulation in a mobility-independent graphene-loaded Bragg resonator