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Impedance spectroscopy is a useful method for the characterization of thermoelectric (TE) modules. It can determine with high accuracy the module's dimensionless figure of merit (zT) as well as the average TE properties of the module's thermoelements. Interpretation of impedance results requires the use of a theoretical model (equivalent circuit), which provides the desired device parameters after a fitting is performed to the experimental results. Here, we extend the currently available equivalent circuit, only valid for adiabatic conditions, to account for the effect of convection at the outer surface of the module ceramic plates, which is the part of the device where convection is more prominent. This is performed by solving the heat equation in the frequency domain including convection heat losses. As a result, a new element (convection resistance) appears in the developed equivalent circuit, which starts to influence at mid-low frequencies, causing a decrease of the typically observed semicircle in t...

Influence of convection at outer ceramic surfaces on the characterization of thermoelectric modules by impedance spectroscopy