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The potential difference between a floating emitting surface and the plasmasurrounding it has been described by several sheath models, including thespace-charge-limited sheath, the electron sheath with high emission current,and the inverse sheath produced by charge-exchange ion trapping. Ourmeasurements reveal that each of these models has its own regime of validity.We determine the potential of an emissive filament relative to the plasmapotential, emphasizing variations in emitted current density and neutralparticle density. The potential of a filament in a diffuse plasma is firstshown to vanish, consistent with the electron sheath model and increasingelectron emission. In a denser plasma with ample neutral pressure, the floatingfilament potential is positive, as predicted by a derived ion trappingcondition. Lastly, the filament floated negatively in a third plasma, whereflowing ions and electrons and nonnegligible electric fields may have disruptedion trapping. Depending on the regime chosen, emitting surfaces can floatpositively or negatively with respect to the plasma potential.

Floating potential of emitting surfaces in plasmas with respect to the space potential