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Liquid metal batteries (LMBs) are discussed today as a cheap grid scaleenergy storage, as required for the deployment of fluctuating renewableenergies. Built as a stable density stratification of two liquid metalsseparated by a thin molten salt layer, LMBs are susceptible to short-circuit byfluid flows. Using direct numerical simulation, we study a sloshing long waveinterface instability in cylindrical cells, which is already known fromaluminium reduction cells. After characterising the instability mechanism, weinvestigate the influence of cell current, layer thickness, density, viscosity,conductivity and magnetic background field. Finally we study the shape of theinterface and give a dimensionless parameter for the onset of sloshing as wellas for the short-circuit.

Sloshing instability and electrolyte layer rupture in liquid metal batteries