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A novel methodology for measuring gas flow from small orifices or nozzlesinto vacuum is presented. It utilizes a high-intensity femtosecond laser pulseto create a plasma within the gas plume produced by the nozzle, which is imagedby a microscope. Calibration of the imaging system allows for the extraction ofabsolute number densities. We show detection down to helium densities of$4\times10^{16}$~cm$^{-3}$ with a spatial resolution of a few micrometer. Thetechnique is used to characterize the gas flow from a convergent-nozzle aerosolinjector [Struct.\ Dyn.~2, 041717 (2015)] as used in single-particlediffractive imaging experiments at free-electron laser sources. Based on themeasured gas-density profile we estimate the scattering background signal undertypical operating conditions of single-particle imaging experiments andestimate that fewer than 50 photons per shot can be expected on the detector.

Characterizing gas flow from aerosol particle injectors