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Liquid-based bio-applications of graphene require a quantitativeunderstanding of the graphene-liquid interface, with the surface charge densityof adsorbed ions, the interfacial charge transfer resistance, and theinterfacial charge noise being of particular importance. We quantified theseproperties through measurements of the zero-bias Faradaic charge-transferbetween graphene electrodes and aqueous solutions of varying ionic strengthusing a reproducible, low-noise, minimally perturbative charge measurementtechnique. The measurements indicated that adsorbed ions had a negative surfacecharge density of approximately -32.8 mC m-2 and that the specific chargetransfer resistance was 6.5pm0.3 M${\Omega}$ cm2. The normalized current noisepower spectral density for all ionic concentrations tested collapsed onto a 1/fcharacteristic with ${\alpha}$=1.1pm0.2. All the results are in excellentagreement with predictions of the theory for the graphene-solution interface.This minimally-perturbative method for monitoring charge-transfer at the sub-pCscale exhibits low noise and ultra-low power consumption (~ fW), making itwell-suited for use in low-level bioelectronics in liquid environments.

applied physics letters

Quantifying the intrinsic surface charge density and charge-transfer  resistance of the graphene-solution interface through bias-free low-level  charge measurement