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Electromagnetic particle simulation model has been formulated and verifiedfor nonlinear processes of lower hybrid (LH) waves in fusion plasmas. Electrondynamics is described by the drift kinetic equation using either kineticmomentum or canonical momentum. Ion dynamics is treated as the fluid system orby the Vlasov equation. Compressible magnetic perturbation is retained tosimulate both the fast and slow LH waves. Numerical properties are greatlyimproved by using electron continuity equation to enforce consistency betweenelectrostatic potential and vector potential, and by using the importancesampling technique. The simulation model has been implemented in thegyrokinetic toroidal code (GTC), and verified for the dispersion relation andnonlinear particle trapping of the electromagnetic LH waves.

Nonlinear electromagnetic formulation for particle simulation of lower hybrid waves in toroidal geometry