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Here we propose to exploit the low energy bandwidth, small wavelength andpenetration power of ultrashort pulses from XFELs for resonant Small AngleScattering (SAXS) on plasma structures in laser excited plasmas. Small anglescattering allows to detect nanoscale density fluctuations in forwardscattering direction. Typically, the SAXS signal from laser excited plasmas isexpected to be dominated by the free electron distribution. We propose that theionic scattering signal becomes visible when the X-ray energy is in resonancewith an electron transition between two bound states (Resonant coherent X-raydiffraction, RCXD). In this case the scattering cross-section dramaticallyincreases so that the signal of X-ray scattering from ions silhouettes againstthe free electron scattering background which allows to measure the opacity andderived quantities with high spatial and temporal resolution, beingfundamentally limited only by the X-ray wavelength and timing. Derivingquantities such as ion spatial distribution, charge state distribution andplasma temperature with such high spatial and temporal resolution will make avast number of processes in shortpulse laser-solid interaction accessible fordirect experimental observation e.g. hole-boring and shock propagation,filamentation and instability dynamics, electron transport, heating andultrafast ionization dynamics.

Nanoscale femtosecond imaging of transient hot solid density plasmas with elemental and charge state sensitivity using resonant coherent diffraction