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Excited electrons in the conduction band of germanium collect into fourenergy minima, or valleys, in momentum space. These local minima have highlyanisotropic mass tensors which cause the electrons to travel in directionswhich are oblique to an applied electric field at sub-Kelvin temperatures andlow electric fields, in contrast to the more isotropic behavior of the holes.This experiment produces, for the first time, a full two-dimensional image ofthe oblique electron and hole propagation and the quantum transitions ofelectrons between valleys for electric fields oriented along the [0,0,1]direction. Charge carriers are excited with a focused laser pulse on one faceof a germanium crystal and then drifted through the crystal by a uniformelectric field of strength between 0.5 and 6 V/cm. The pattern of chargedensity arriving on the opposite face is used to reconstruct the trajectoriesof the carriers. Measurements of the two-dimensional pattern of charge densityare compared in detail with Monte Carlo simulations developed for the CryogenicDark Matter Search (CDMS) to model the transport of charge carriers inhigh-purity germanium detectors.

Imaging the Oblique Propagation of Electrons in Germanium Crystals at Low Temperature and Low Electric Field