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It is shown that in nanoporous titanium dioxide films, sensitivity toatmospheric hydrogen exposure and electroforming can coexist and areinterdependent. The devices work as conventional hydrogen sensors below athreshold electric field while above it, the well-known electroforming isobserved. Offering hydrogen in this regime accelerates the electroformingprocess, and in addition to the usual reversible increase of the conductance inresponse to the hydrogen gas, an irreversible conductance decrease issuperimposed. The behavior is interpreted in terms of a phenomenological modelwhere current carrying, oxygen-deficient filaments with hydrogen-dependentconductivities form inside the titanium dioxide matrix.

Interdependence of electroformation and hydrogen incorporation in titanium dioxide