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Single crystalline YBa$_{\text{2}}$Cu$_{\text{3}}$O$_{\text{7}-\delta}$(YBCO) thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in order to probethe oxygen deficiency $\delta$ using a mono-energetic positron beam. The sampleset covered a large range of $\delta$ (0.191<$\delta$<0.791) yielding avariation of the critical temperature $T_{\text{c}}$ between 25 and 90\,K. Wefound a linear correlation between the Doppler broadening of the positronelectron annihilation line and $\delta$ determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD).Both, the origin of the found correlation and the influence of metallicvacancies, were examined with the aid of ab-initio calculations that allowed us(i) to exclude the presence of Y vacancies and (ii) to ensure that positronsstill probe $\delta$ despite the potential presence of Ba or Cu vacancies. Inaddition, by scanning with the positron beam the spatial variation of $\delta$could be analyzed. It was found to fluctuate with a standard deviation of up to$0.079(5)$ within a single YBCO film.

applied physics letters

Detection and imaging of the oxygen deficiency in single crystalline  YBa$_{\text{2}}$Cu$_{\text{3}}$O$_{\text{7}-\delta}$ thin films using a  positron beam