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Producing a dense background plasma for neutralization purposes isexperimentally difficult and requires a large amount of energy. We show thateven an underdense background plasma with a small relative density can achievehigh neutralization of intense ion beam pulses. Using particle-in-cellsimulations, we show that if the total plasma electron charge is not comparableto the beam charge, electron emitters are necessary for effectiveneutralization, but are not needed if the plasma volume is large. Severalplasma densities are investigated, including the case of electron emitterswithout plasma, which does not effectively neutralize the beam. Over 95%neutralization is achieved for even very underdense background plasma. Wecompare with an analytic model of neutralization and find close agreement withthe particle-in-cell simulations. Further, we show experimental data from theNDCX-II group that verifies the result that underdense plasma can neutralizeintense heavy ion beams effectively.

Intense Ion Beam Neutralization Using Underdense Background Plasma