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Two-dimensional crystals of classical particles are very peculiar in thatmelting may occur in two steps, in a continuous fashion, via an intermediatehexatic fluid phase exhibiting quasi-long-range orientational order. On theother hand, three-dimensional spheres repelling each other through afast-decaying bounded potential of generalized-exponential shape (GEM4potential) can undergo freezing into cluster crystals, allowing for more thatone particle per lattice site. We hereby study the combined effect of lowspatial dimensionality and extreme potential softness, by investigating thephase behavior of the two-dimensional (2D) GEM4 system. Using a combination ofdensity-functional theory and numerical free-energy calculations, we show thatthe 2D GEM4 system displays one ordinary and several cluster triangular-crystalphases, and that only the ordinary crystal first melts into a hexatic phase.Upon heating, the difference between the various cluster crystals fades away,eventually leaving a single undifferentiated cluster phase with apressure-modulated site occupancy.

Hexatic phase and cluster crystals of two-dimensional GEM4 spheres